Thermoregulation is the ability to balance between heat production and heat loss in order to maintain body temperature within a certain normal range. The provision of a thermo neutral environment is an essential component of the immediate and longer term care of newborn infant. Cold stress and hyperthermia may have serious metabolic consequences for all newborn. In the preterm these consequences may be devastating and may increase both morbidity and mortality rates. Health professionals have a responsibility to be aware of and to ensure that the thermoregulatory needs of an infant are upheld in order to provide them with the best start possible. Current medical literature lack well designed prospective, randomized controlled trials for both diagnosis and intervention of providing thermoneutral environment and systematic review report that none of the intervention has serious adverse effects.
Aim
This prospective study compared newborn care under infant warmer with method of warming babies that provided immediate skin contact. Fifteen infants were randomly assigned under infant warmer. One group of fifteen newborns was exposed to continuous skin to skin contact with their mother. Skin temperatures of thirty newborns were noted every one minutes to thirty minutes using mercury thermometer. Result supported the hypothesis that body temperature would be warmest in experimental babies given the earliest skin to skin contact, less warm in experimental infant beginning skin to skin contact after initial nursing care.
Comparison between kangaroo care and infant warmer care for term baby in preventing hypothermia
INTRODUCTION
Most expectant parents anticipate an emotionally satisfying and medically safe childbirth experience. Each family, nurse-midwife, and physician will have a unique perspective on the relative values of emotional and medical needs and the compromises necessary to attain them.
One facet of the potential conflict between safety and emotional satisfaction is the manner of handling the infant immediately after birth. It is standard procedure at many hospitals to rapidly clamp and cut the umbilical cord in order to expedite the newborn’s transfer to a radiant heated crib. There, the baby will be dried and given the initial nursing care and evaluation. These procedures frequently take place beyond the range of vision of the mother on the delivery table and consume at least 5 to 10 minutes. Sometimes the snugly wrapped infant will then be held aloft or brought over so the mother can see her baby’s face. Upon request, she may be allowed to hold her baby for a while. More often, the newborn is left in the radiant heater away from the delivery table while everyone is busy with the mother. Parents who request immediate and continuous skin-to-skin contact with their child from the moment of birth find themselves in conflict with medical and nursing personnel who feel it is their responsibility to protect the neonate from heat loss in the cold, drafty delivery room.
The more relaxed atmosphere of birthing rooms may provide a solution for some, but for those who choose to use the delivery room, it is questionable whether the current method of minimizing neonatal heat loss is actually the most effective
Hypothermia at birth is a worldwide problem. All infant needs to maintain specific thermal control in order to survive. The WHO (world health organization) defines mild hypothermia as a core body temperature of 36.0°C to 36.4°C, moderate hypothermia as 32.0°C to 35.9°C and severe hypothermia less than 32.0°C. The rapid decline in temperature is mainly due to physical characteristics of the newborn and environmental factors of the delivery area. Typically a wet newborn with a high surface area to volume ratio moves from a warm aqueous uterine environment into a cooler dry delivery room. The newborn immediately loses heat by evaporation, convection, conduction and radiation depending on the ambient air temperature and humidity as well as the temperature of surrounding surfaces.( Mullany, L.C(2010).Neonatal Hypothermia Labour Room,”Elsevier Amsterdam
What is Kangaroo Care?
A universally available and biologically sound method of care for all newborn, but in particular for premature babies, with three components,
Skin to skin contact.
Exclusive breastfeeding.
Bonding
1) Skin to skin contact is between the baby front and the mother’s chest. The more the newborn with mother’s skin contact the better, while the mother’s skin will help regulate the infant’s temperature, cover the infant’s back and mother’s chest with warm, dry cloth. For comfort a small nappy is fine, and for warmth a cap may be used. Skin to skin contact should ideally start at birth, but is helpful at any time. It should ideally be continued day and night, but even shorter periods are still helpful.
2) Exclusive breast feeding means that for an average mother, expressing from the breasts or direct suckling by the baby is all that is needed.
3) Bonding means that whatever is needed for the medical, emotional, psychological and physical well being of mother and baby is provided to them, without separating them.
Early skin to skin contact also provides benefit to both the mother and infant independent of its role in establishing breast feeding. Thermal control is an, essential component of preventing neonatal morbidity, particularly in low birth weight infant, and skin to skin contact provide an inexpensive, safe and effective method for maintaining newborn temperature
Skin to skin contact has been shown to be as effective as incubator care for re-warming of hypothermic infants and infants placed in skin to skin contact their mother were significantly warmer than infants placed in cots likely because of the thermal response of maternal skin temperature in reaction to skin to skin contact with her infant. Other benefits of skin to skin contact include better cardio-respiratory stability in late preterm infants. (Dr.Bergman,N(2005)
Infant radiant warmer
The infant warmer is typically used for very unstable infants or during the performance of medical procedure. Heating is provided by radiation and therefore does not prevent convective and evaporative heat loss. The temperature can be maintain in the “servo mode ” (skin probe) or the “nonservo mode”(manual mode),which maintains a constant radiant energy output regardless of the infant’s temperature.
Infant warmers allow accessibility to infant but cause large evaporative heat with water losses and slightly higher basal metabolic rates than the incubator.Use of the infant warmer is dictated by the infant’s clinical and medical needs. (Tricia Lacy Gomella sixth edition pg 45-46)
Surface temperature distribution is more uneven in infants nursed under infant warmers. The peripheries are cooler than in infants nursed in incubators with the same mean skin temperature. Infant warmers therefore produce a fluctuating asymmetrical thermal environment compared with constant, even environment provided by an incubator.
No study has shown that either method is superior to the other in terms of mortality, morbidity and growth of infants nursed in them. Infant warmers are, however, potentially more dangerous than incubators. Overheating from probe detachment or interference can occur quickly. It is important therefore that the infant’s surface or deep body temperature is monitored frequently by means of an independent thermometer.
Methodology
Study Design
This study was conducted at the labour room at Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah. It was a prospective descriptive study on term baby comparing the skin to skin contact and infant warmer (which was the usual practice) in preventing hypothermia.
Sample & Sampling method
Term neonates born at the labour room Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah were selected randomly with the inclusion and exclusion criteria below.
Inclusion Criteria:
Term babies
Good crying
Good breathing effort
Good muslce tone
No meconium stained liquor
Exclusion criteria:
Prem Babies
Ineffective breathing pattern
Poor tone
Meconium stained liquor
Neonates with the inclusion criteria were included in the study and were randomly distributed into two arms, i.e. neonates for kangaroo care and neonates for Infant warmer care.
Firstly, for laboring women whose baby chosen for kangaroo care were explained to about the concept of kangaroo care and its benefits for mothers and baby. After birth and cord clamped, the baby was placed in warm blanket on mother’s abdomen. The baby was dried and sucked as needed while on mother’s abdomen. The wet blanket was removed and baby was allowed for skin-to skin care by the mother. The baby was covered with clean warm blanket and the ID bands were placed. The injection was delayed after half an hour. Baby’s skin temperature was monitored at 1 minute, at 5 minutes, at 10minutes, at 15 minutes, at 30 minutes with thermometer. The breast feeding support was given to mother.
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For baby receiving infant warmer care, baby was placed under infant warmer after birth and cord clamped. The baby was dried and sucked under infant warmer with manual mode ( temperature setting at 36.5â°C -37â°C. Wet blanket was removed and baby was swaddled in a clean warm blanket. Baby’s skin temperature was monitored at 1 minute, at 5 minutes, at 10minutes, at 15 minutes, at 30 minutes with thermometer.
Axilliary temperature was measured with mercury thermometer. Temperature was measure with standard method which thermometer was placed under the axilla for 2 minute before reading the temperature.
Fifteen neonates were included in each arm of the care. The data was documented in data collection sheet. The data was analyzed by SPSS and t-test was used to analyze the data.
Period of study
Within one month (September 1, 2011 till December 30 2011)
Data collection Techniques
The researchers have designed a data collection sheet to collect data by direct observation after the delivery at the labour room. The data collection sheet was pre tested by doing a pilot study.
Ethical Consideration
There were no ethical issues in this study as it is only a descriptive study on the temperature of newborns and did not involve any intervention.
Problem Analysis Chart
Cold environment <26â°c
Gestational age
Condition of the baby
Baby
Radiant warmer
Linen
Skin to skin
Method of warming
Enviroment in labour room
Preventing Hypothermia of neonate in labour room
Routine Procedure
Birth weight
GRAPH 1: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER FROM 1 MINUTE TO 30 MINUTES
This line graph shows that mean temperature of skin to skin contact was steadily increase compare to infant warmer form the 1 minute to 30 minutes. The mean temperature of skin to skin contact was always higher then infant warmer group. The mean temperature of infant warmer form 1 minute to 10 minutes was increasing trend from 36.43â°C to 36.6â°C. The temperature was static from 10 minute to 15minute (36.62â°C – 36.61â°C).
GRAPH 2: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER AT 1 MINUTE
GRAPH 3: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER AT 5 MINUTES
GRAPH 4: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER AT 10 MINUTES
GRAPH 5: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER AT 15 MINUTES
GRAPH 6: COMPARE THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF SKIN TO SKIN AND INFANT WARMER AT 30 MINUTES
Term babies born in labor room
Process of Care
ASSESSMENT
Inclusion Criteria:
Term babies
Good crying
Good breathing effort
Good muslce tone
No meconium stained liquor
Exclusion criteria:
Premature Babies
Ineffective breathing pattern
Poor tone
Meconium stained liquor
Monitor Temperature
Monitor Temperature
Radiant warmer and swaddled
Skin to skin contact
1 minute
1 minute
5 minutes
5 minutes
10 minutes
10 minutes
15 minutes
15 minutes
30 minutes
30 minutes
OBJECTIVE
To assess effectiveness “skin to skin” contact to prevent hypothermia.
Specific Objective:-
To determine the frequency of hypothermia among term newborn in Labour room.
To evaluate the efficacy of “skin to skin” for newborn in the labour room.
To recommend better measures to prevent hypothermia
RESULTS
TABLE 1: DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT AND INFANT WARMER GROUP.
SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT
INFANT WARMER
MEAN GASTATIONAL AGE
38.8 weeks
38.8 weeks
FEMALE/ MALE (frequency)
6/9
8/7
MEAN WEIGHT
2.978 kg
3.18 kg
MEAN HEIGHT
49.6 cm
50.7 cm
MEAN HEAD CIRCUMFERANCE
33 cm
32.9 cm
NUMBER OF NEONATE
15
15
The mean gestational age of the skin-to-skin contact and infant warmer group were similar, 38.8 weeks of gestation. The growth parameters (mean weight, height and head circumference) were quite similar in both groups. However, there were more male babies in skin to skin contact group compared to infant warmer group
TABLES 2: MEAN (STANDARD DEVIATION) TEMPERATURE OF THE KANGGAROO CARE AND INFANT RADIANT WARMER
MEAN (± STANDARD DEVIATION)
( â° C )
TIME
SKIN-TO-SKIN CONTACT
RADIANT WARMER
1 MINUTE
36.46 ( 0.5)
36.43 ( 0.4 )
5 MINUTE
36.61 ( 0.4)
36.53 ( 0.3 )
10 MINUTE
36.66 ( 0.3 )
36.62 ( 0.24 )
15 MINUTE
36.6 ( 0.4 )
36.61 ( 0.24 )
Table 2 shows the mean temperature of term babies for skin to skin contact & infant warmer. The mean temperature of both arms was hypothermic at 1 minute (36.46 â°C for skin- to -skin contact and 36.43â°C for infant warmer). This shows that both arms were rewarmed to the quite similar temperature at 1 minute but mean temperature at 5 minutes shows more marked difference between this two arms. i.e the skin- to -skin contact arm was rewarmed to mean temperature more than 36.5â°C, the Infant warmer arm mean temperature was around 36.5â°C
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Both arm shows more rapid increase in mean temperature from 1 minute to 10 minutes. The temperature increment for skin to skin contact and infant warmer were 0.2â°C and 0.19â°C respectively. The warming effect slowed down after 10 minutes. The temperature increment from 10 minutes to 30 minutes was 0.03â°C for skin to skin temperature and 0.05â°C for infant warmer.
Both arms were warmed to mean temperature between 36.65â°C and 36.7â°C at 30 minutes.
TABLE 3: THE FREQUENCY OF HYPOTHERMIA FOR TERM BABIES IN SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT AND INFANT WARMER GROUP AT 1 MINUTE.
Temperature at 1 minute
Skin to skin contact
Infant warmer
Total
<36.5â°C
8 babies
8 babies
16 babies
≥ 36.5
7 babies
7 babies
14 babies
Total
15 babies
15 babies
30 babies
There was 16 out of 30 ( 53.3%) babies in this study suffering from hypothermia at 1 minute after birth
DISCUSSION
This study shows that skin to skin contact is more superior then infant warmer in maintaining body temperature in term newborn after birth. This is consistent with other studies Judith A. Fardiz. 1980 did study on comparing skin to skin and infant warmer in promoting neonatal thermoregulator. Her study showed that body temperature would be warmest in experimental babies given the earliest skin to skin contact, less warm in experimental infants beginning skin to skin contact after initial nursing care, and coolest in control babies given no skin to skin contact with their mothers
Both skin to skin contact and infant warmer were effective in maintaining body temperature to prevent hypothermia with the evidence that the mean temperature of skin to skin group increased from 36.46â°C at 1 minute to 36.69â°C at 30 minutes and the mean temperature of infant warmer increased from 36.43â°C to 36.67â°C at 30 minutes.
The skin to skin contact minimizes losses through 4 mechanisms. Evaporative losses were reduced by rapidly drying the infant after delivery even before the umbilical cord was cut. Positioning the babies on the mother’s bare chest provided a source of radiant heat from her body and decrease radiant loses from the baby to cold wall, windows, and metal surfaces. Skin to skin contact with the mother also eliminated major heat loses through conduction to cold object. The warm blanket covering both mother and baby protected the infant well from convection current.
Neonate in radiant heater, even when wrapped in blanket appeared more vulnerable to cooling by convection current in the drafty delivery room. This also explained the result that skin to skin contacts were more reliable in increasing the mean temperature compared to infant warmer.
.
CONCLUSIONS
Skin to skin contact was demonstrated to be of physiologic method of warming newborn that avoided the risk of hypothermia, hyperthermia and other potential hazard of infant warmer. Further study of this heater has been recommended to the administration to establish whether or not routine use of such equipment in the delivery room poses serious risk cause of dehydration, burns, and cataract of retinal vision from a emissions. Skin to skin contact is a safe alternative, demonstrated to be more effective in the present study that infant warmer in providing healthy term infant with neutral thermal environment.
In addition to the thermal benefits of skin to skin contact, the close proximity of the baby to the mother gave them an early opportunity to become acquainted. A newborn first physiologic reactivity period spends the initial 30 minute after birth. With the mother holding the baby throughout this period the parent were able to take advantage of their babies heightened arousal and responsiveness to make eye contact, explore, and soothe the baby.
RECOMMEDATIONS
The complexity of neonates care as exploded in recent years to include many techniques and manipulation of fragile patient. A postpartum study comparing skin to skin contact and incubators as method of rewarming cool babies would be a logical extension of the research. After delivery, place the newborn directly on mother’s chest, prone, with newborns skin touching the mother’s skin. While the mother’s skin will help regulate the infant’s temperature, cover the infant’s back and mother’s chest with warm blanket, covering the infant’s head to prevent heat loss.
If possible keep mother and infant in this position for at least first hour of life, delaying any routine procedures, and providing frequent supervision to detect any complications. Care must be taken to provide an uninterrupted source of infant warming adequate not only to maintain body temperature but also to reduce thermal stress and the metabolic demand associated with it. Skin-to-skin contact does not have to be limited to the delivery room but should be practiced as frequently as possible during the first days of life in order to maintain infant temperature, promote frequent breast feeding and enhance maternal-infant bonding.
Although significant differences in newborn temperature were shown in this series of 30 babies, replication of the study with even larger numbers would strengthen the finding.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thank and gratitude to the following individuals whom involved and give guidance in completion of this research.
Dato Dr. Teh Keng Hwang.
Dr. Chong Peik Sian Pediatrician Hospital Ipoh.
Dr. Chuah Soo Lin.
Madam Koh Kim Hua Tutor College Of Nursing Alor Setar.
Miss Tan Saw Cheng.
Miss Cheng Choi Lee.
Matron Noraini wad NICU, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah.
Sister Halijah Wad Labour Room Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah.
All staff from Nicu and Labour Room, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah.
All neonate student Group 2/2011.
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Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature of less than 35 0 C. It may be missed in patients who present for other reasons, unless it is specifically looked for. Although hypothermia is most common in colder climates with environmental exposure, severe accidental hypothermia can also be seen in the metropolitan regions, with infants, the elderly and the socially isolated
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